Foundation of the 奥斯曼 Empire
The 奥斯曼 Empire was founded in 1299 by Osman I, who united various Turkish tribes in Anatolia and established a small principality that would grow into a vast empire over the centuries.
1299
1453
Conquest of Constantinople
Under the leadership of Sultan Mehmed II, the 奥斯曼 Empire captured Constantinople in 1453, marking the end of the Byzantine Empire and solidifying the 奥斯曼's power in the region.
1517
Ottoman Control of the Holy Cities
The 奥斯曼 Empire expanded its influence by conquering Egypt in 1517, gaining control over the holy cities of Mecca and Medina, which enhanced its status in the Islamic world.
1520
Suleiman the Magnificent Ascends to the Throne
Suleiman I, known as Suleiman the Magnificent, became Sultan in 1520. His reign marked the peak of the 奥斯曼 Empire's territorial expansion and cultural achievements.
1683
The Siege of Vienna
The 奥斯曼 Empire launched a major siege against Vienna in 1683, which ultimately failed. This event marked the beginning of a gradual decline in the empire's power in Europe.
1774
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca was signed in 1774, granting the 奥斯曼 Empire significant territorial losses and marking the start of its weakening influence in the Balkans and the Black Sea region.
1839
Tanzimat Reforms Begin
The Tanzimat reforms were initiated in 1839 to modernize the 奥斯曼 Empire’s administration, military, and legal systems in response to internal and external pressures.
1876
First Constitutional Era Begins
The first constitutional era of the 奥斯曼 Empire began in 1876 with the promulgation of the constitution, aiming to establish a parliamentary system and limit the Sultan's powers.
1908
Young Turk Revolution
The Young Turk Revolution of 1908 restored the constitutional monarchy in the 奥斯曼 Empire, leading to significant political changes and increased nationalist movements within its territories.
1912
First Balkan War
The First Balkan War (1912-1913) resulted in significant territorial losses for the 奥斯曼 Empire, as Balkan states united against it, further weakening its control in Europe.
1914
World War I Begins
The 奥斯曼 Empire entered World War I on the side of the Central Powers in 1914, which would lead to its eventual disintegration after the war.
1920
The Treaty of Sèvres, signed in 1920, aimed to partition the 奥斯曼 Empire, leading to the loss of vast territories and the establishment of mandates in the Middle East.
1922
The Sultanate of the 奥斯曼 Empire was abolished in 1922, marking the official end of the empire and paving the way for the establishment of the Republic of Turkey in 1923.
1923
The Republic of Turkey was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923, marking the end of the 奥斯曼 Empire and the beginning of a new secular nation-state under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.
