1840-1910 en France History Timeline and Biographies

The February Revolution and the Second Republic

In February 1848, a revolution broke out in France, leading to the abdication of King Louis-Philippe and the establishment of the Second Republic. This marked a significant shift in French politics, as the republic aimed to embody the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity. The new government faced challenges, including economic crises and social unrest, but it also introduced universal male suffrage.

Establishment of the Second Empire

In December 1851, Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte staged a coup d'état, leading to the establishment of the Second Empire in 1852. He declared himself Emperor Napoleon III, initiating a period of authoritarian rule. This era was characterized by industrial growth, urban development, and the expansion of the French colonial empire, particularly in Africa and Asia.

Exposition Universelle in Paris

The 1867 Exposition Universelle was a world's fair held in Paris, showcasing advancements in industry, technology, and culture. It attracted millions of visitors and highlighted France's industrial prowess during the Second Empire. The event also served as a platform for international diplomacy and cultural exchange, reinforcing France's position as a leading nation in the world.

Franco-Prussian War and the Fall of the Second Empire

The Franco-Prussian War began in July 1870, resulting in a disastrous defeat for France. The war ended with the capture of Napoleon III and led to the fall of the Second Empire. This conflict had profound implications for French nationalism and territorial integrity, ultimately resulting in the proclamation of the Third Republic in September 1870.

The Paris Commune

The Paris Commune was a radical socialist government that ruled Paris from March to May 1871. It emerged in response to the harsh conditions following the Franco-Prussian War. The Commune aimed to establish a government based on direct democracy but was violently suppressed by the French government, leading to significant loss of life and a lasting impact on French politics.

The Constitution of the Third Republic

The Constitution of the Third Republic was adopted in 1875, establishing a parliamentary system of governance in France. This constitution marked the transition to a more stable political framework, promoting civil liberties and democratic principles. Despite facing challenges, the Third Republic endured for several decades, shaping modern French politics.

The Eiffel Tower is Completed

The Eiffel Tower was completed in 1889 as the entrance arch for the Exposition Universelle, celebrating the 100th anniversary of the French Revolution. Designed by Gustave Eiffel, the tower became a symbol of French ingenuity and modernity, attracting millions of visitors and solidifying Paris's status as a cultural capital.

The Dreyfus Affair Begins

The Dreyfus Affair began in 1894 when Captain Alfred Dreyfus, a Jewish officer in the French army, was wrongfully convicted of treason. The scandal exposed deep-seated anti-Semitism in French society and led to a major political crisis. The affair spurred debates on civil rights, justice, and the role of the military in politics, influencing French society well into the 20th century.

Exposition Universelle 1900

The Exposition Universelle of 1900 was held in Paris, showcasing technological advancements and cultural achievements from around the world. This world's fair highlighted innovations such as the electric tram and cinema, reflecting the rapid changes occurring in society. It was a celebration of the Belle Époque, a period of cultural flourishing in France.

Separation of Church and State

In 1905, France enacted the Law on the Separation of Church and State, establishing a secular state. This law aimed to ensure freedom of religion while preventing the church from interfering in government affairs. It marked a significant shift in French society, reinforcing the principles of laïcité and shaping the relationship between religion and politics in France.

Fauvism and Modern Art Movements

The early 20th century saw the emergence of Fauvism, a revolutionary art movement characterized by bold colors and emotional expression. Artists like Henri Matisse and André Derain broke traditional artistic conventions, paving the way for modern art. This movement was part of the broader cultural developments in 1840-1910 en France, reflecting the changing landscape of artistic expression.

The Expansion of the French Colonial Empire

By 1910, France had significantly expanded its colonial empire, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia. This expansion was driven by economic interests and national pride, contributing to France's status as a global power. The colonial endeavors of this period raised complex issues related to imperialism, culture, and identity, which would continue to resonate in the years to come.