Start of the American Occupation of Haiti
The American occupation of Haiti began on July 28, 1915, following the assassination of Haitian President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam. The U.S. aimed to restore order and protect American interests in the region.
1915
1916
Establishment of the Gendarmerie d'Haïti
The United States established the Gendarmerie d'Haïti, a military force composed of both American and Haitian soldiers, to maintain order and enforce new regulations.
1917
New Haitian Constitution
Under American supervision, a new Haitian constitution was drafted and ratified. This constitution allowed foreign ownership of land, which was previously prohibited.
1918
Caco Rebellion
Haitian nationalist rebels, known as Cacos, led a significant rebellion against the American occupation. The rebellion was eventually suppressed by U.S. forces.
1920
Infrastructure Improvements
The American occupation led to various infrastructure improvements in Haiti, including the construction of roads, bridges, and public buildings.
1922
President Louis Borno's Administration
Louis Borno became the President of Haiti, serving under the supervision of the American occupation authorities. His administration saw continued infrastructure development and economic reforms.
1924
Economic Reforms
The U.S. implemented significant economic reforms in Haiti, including the reorganization of the tax system and the establishment of the National Bank of Haiti.
1927
Educational Reforms
Educational reforms were introduced, including the establishment of vocational schools and improvements in the public education system.
1929
Les Cayes Massacre
A violent confrontation between U.S. Marines and Haitian protesters in Les Cayes resulted in numerous deaths, escalating tensions between Haitians and the American occupiers.
1930
Formation of the Haitian American Institute
The Haitian American Institute was established to promote cultural exchange and understanding between Haitians and Americans.
1932
President Sténio Vincent's Election
Sténio Vincent was elected President of Haiti. His administration began negotiations for the withdrawal of American forces from Haiti.
1934
End of the American Occupation of Haiti
The American occupation officially ended on August 15, 1934, when U.S. Marines withdrew from Haiti, and control was returned to the Haitian government.
1935
Post-Occupation Challenges
Following the end of the American occupation, Haiti faced numerous challenges, including political instability and economic difficulties, as it worked to regain full sovereignty.
1941
Haitian-American Treaty of 1941
A new treaty was signed between Haiti and the United States, aimed at fostering cooperation and addressing issues that arose during the occupation period.
1947
Final Debt Payment
Haiti made its final payments on debts incurred during the American occupation, marking a significant step towards economic independence.
