Napoleonic Invasion of Spain
The Napoleonic invasion of Spain weakened Spanish control over its colonies, including Peru, creating an environment ripe for independence movements.
1808
1810
First Independence Movements
The initial independence movements in Peru began, inspired by the successes of other South American countries and the weakening of Spanish authority.
1814
Rebellion of Cuzco
A significant rebellion led by Mateo Pumacahua and the Angulo brothers took place in Cuzco, although it was eventually suppressed by Spanish forces.
1816
José de San Martín's Campaign
General José de San Martín began his campaign in Argentina and Chile, which would later extend to Peru.
1820
San Martín's Expedition to Peru
San Martín's expeditionary force landed in Paracas, Peru, marking the beginning of the final push for independence.
1821
Proclamation of Independence
On July 28, 1821, General José de San Martín proclaimed the independence of Peru in Lima, declaring it free from Spanish rule.
1822
Meeting of San Martín and Bolívar
San Martín and Simón Bolívar met in Guayaquil to discuss the future of South American independence, though their exact discussions remain a mystery.
1823
Arrival of Simón Bolívar in Peru
Simón Bolívar arrived in Peru to support the independence movement, bringing with him experienced troops and strategic expertise.
1824
Battle of Junín
On August 6, 1824, the Battle of Junín was fought, resulting in a crucial victory for the independence forces led by Bolívar.
1824
Battle of Ayacucho
The decisive Battle of Ayacucho took place on December 9, 1824, where the Spanish forces were defeated, effectively ending Spanish control over Peru.
1825
Bolívar's Reforms
Simón Bolívar implemented various political and social reforms in Peru to stabilize the newly independent country.
1826
Departure of Bolívar
Simón Bolívar left Peru, leaving the country to manage its newfound independence and political challenges.
1827
First Constitution of Peru
Peru adopted its first constitution, laying the foundation for its governance as an independent nation.
1836
Peru-Bolivian Confederation
The Peru-Bolivian Confederation was established, though it was short-lived, lasting until 1839.
1845
Leadership of Ramón Castilla
Ramón Castilla became President of Peru, leading the country through a period of modernization and economic growth.
